Récemment, j’ai eu 5 patients à la suite en consultation avec des histoires foireuses d’allergies médicamenteuses, pour 4 d’entre eux il s’agissait de la fameuse « allergie à la pénicilline ». C’était un signe pour creuser le sujet. Ça faisait longtemps que je n’avais pas appris autant de truc qui améliorent mes pratiques en creusant un sujet.
1) il faut arrêter de parler d’allergie aux béta-lactamines , d’allergie aux céphalosporines et surtout d’allergie à la pénicilline en sous entendant toute la classe. Il faut parler précisément d’une molécule car il n’y a pas d’allergie de classe comme le langage tant à le suggérer. La problématique de l’allergie croisée n’existe que pour une poignée de molécules qui ont des caractéristiques chimiques communes.
2) la cefazoline (beaucoup utilisée en antibioprophylaxie au bloc opératoire) par la conformation de sa molécule parait être safe dans 99,99% des cas.
3) un simple rash cutané ne témoigne pas d’une réaction allergique autrement appelée hypersensibilité de type 1, ou encore dite Ig-E médiée. Les réactions allergiques Ig-E médiée surviennent dans l’heure après l’exposition. Concernant les signes cutanés, Il faut bien chercher une urticaire ou un angioedème.
4) on peut guérir d’une réaction allergique avec une pénicilline. Il est estimé qu’après 10 ans après la réaction, 80% des patients perdent leur hypersensibilité
5) L’utilisation d’un autre antibiotique à cause de l’étiquette « allergie à la pénicilline » expose à une augmentation du risque d’infection du site opératoire.
6) L’étiquette « allergie à la pénicilline » concernent à peu près 10% de la population. Parmi ces 10% il y n’y aurait qu’en fait 5 et 10% des gens qui seraient véritablement sujet à une hypersensibilité de type 1
Je vous ai dit l’essentiel ! si vous creusez un peu la biblio et notamment le super article de Josh Farkas dans son Internet Book of Critical Care , vous en saurez autant que moi (et plus si vous lisez moins vite que moi) ! Cet article est particulièrement bien pour comprendre les différentes configurations des molécules de béta-lactamines. Le caractère allergisant est déterminé par les chaines latérales R1 et R2 qui se greffent au noyau moléculaire. Ainsi, des molécules de la classe des pénicillines et des céphalosporines peuvent avoir une chaîne latéral R1 en commun et alors le risque allergique serait à prendre en compte (ex amoxicilline et cefamandole)
Source IBCC de Josh Farkas
En étudiant les molécules, une matrice a été créée permettant d’identifier les molécules à risque d’allergie croisée. La cefazoline a la particularité de ne rien avoir en commun avec les autres béta-lactamines, son usage parait donc très safe même avec la notion d’allergie à la pénicilline. Pour l’anecdote, dans la semaine qui a suivi la lecture de ces articles, j’ai injecté trois fois de la cefazoline a des patients avec l’étiquette allergique sans conséquence négative pour eux. J’en ai profité pour leur donner un courrier mentionnant cette injection et les invitant à consulter un allergologue pour lever cette étiquette d’allergie à la pénicilline. Je donne d’ailleurs ce courrier à tous les patients que je vois en consultation avec cette antécédent vague. C’est l’excellent @PhilAllergie qui a repris ma prose initiale pour en faire quelque chose de plus clair, merci 🙂
Au cours de votre consultation, vous avez évoqué une « allergie à la pénicilline » qui témoigne d’une réaction survenue au cours de la prise d’un antibiotique de cette famille.
Cette famille d’antibiotiques peut vous sauver la vie en cas d’urgence : il est nécessaire de ne pas rester dans le flou mais d’être certain qu’il y a ou non une allergie et si il y en a une de savoir quelles sont les alternatives dans votre cas.
De nombreuses réactions ne sont pas des vraies allergies mais des réactions au microbe, à l’association microbe-médicament ou à d’autres médicaments.
Parfois même les allergies authentiques ont guérit.
Il ne faut pas rester dans le doute et je vous conseille de profiter de votre bonne santé actuelle pour prendre rendez-vous auprès d’un médecin allergologue afin d’éclaircir ce point.
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